فصلنامه راهبرد
پیاپی 42 (زمستان 1385)

This article, addresses the spiritual and social goals of education which are regarded as principal or peripheral functions of eduction and training and underlines theimportance of training along with education. Then it explains the role of education and training in the trend of socialization of people through the six goals which contains “teaching the basic rules and orders, from the routine conventions and attitudes to the scientific methods”, “granting the legitimate desires”, “identity formation”, “creating social roles”, “learning the skills” and “providing a field for political socialization”, After that, the relation between education and training and the indicators of lack of social coherence and its factors are fully argued. Also general logic and basic presuppositions of social coherence and the methods for creating it in education and training system are studied. Finally, it presents some strategic suggestions which contain 11 parts.

To identify and describe the factors contributing to the lack of cultural dynamism in the country, this article first introduces dynamic cultrue and its differences with static culture. Then, while emphasizing the fact that culture needs movement and speed to continue its existence, the article defines cultural inertia and considers cultural dynamism and skillful changes appropriate options for facing challenges resultel from mismanamement. The authors study factors coutirbuting to the lack of cultural dynamism. Under four major tpoics: inefficiency of cultural organizations and institutions in 20 cases, half of them relating to weaknesses in (macro) policy- making and the rest regarding failures in the management of cultural organizations(micro); inefficiency of educational structure in two parts, one relating to primary and secondary education and the other to higher education; inefficieney of the elite; and finally, politicization of management.

Natural gas market in the world has faced many challenges in the last years. These challeges occurred, mostly because of structural change of great natural gas markets such as the US, Europe, and even Asia. The mentioned changes with ascending natural gas demand growth not only sensibly affect natural gas prices, but also influence pricing systems. Natural gas pricing has ondergone many changes in the last two decades. Natural gas industry, contrary to oil, follows mostly regional factors and variables and its prices are more subject to regional considerations. Sometimes, even the prices of imported gas in a country differ because different suppliers each set their own prices, Although, natural gas quality in terms of its composition and heat value or investment in production and gas transfer, are effective factors in gas pricing, but price negotiations between the supplier and the buyer will also have an effective role. This article tries, in addition to study recent gas market developments in lesding to shifiting pricing mechanisms away from traditional models, to provide appropriate models of pricing for exporting countries such as Iran.

The experience of countries such as Canada, Russia, Norway, Malaysia and Algeria shows that having relied upon cost-benefit calculations, they consider to have effective presense in the markets, obtaining adequate leverages to adjust their political-economic relations and enhancing their national security interests necessary for meeting their goals in regional relations. Studying defferent regional and world markets suggests that it would be likely that in the furure decades, considering market principles based on the increase in demand, any possible interruption in energy supply will face the world with an energy crisis. Therefore,the future market will belong to the producer. To attract sufficient investment, the related policies, laws and regulations must be encouraging and clear and based on a win-win equation.

This paper presents the analysis of the accounts for health sector expenditure in macro-economic framework, using data of the research conducted by the author on Iran’s National Health Accounts, Years 1971-2001. Elaborating on the economic situation of the health sector, the analysis reveeals that it is important to establish appropriate policises in the following issues: a) an appropriate method for expendirute financing in the health sector; b) organizing an appropriate financial relationship between the health sector and other sectors; and c) organizing a suitable financial balancing among health sub-sectors. Today, the lack of proper attention to the analysis of expenditure accounts of the health secotr and to the expected policies initiating by such analysis, is one of the issues that makes the future trends uncertain and affects the contribution of other factors which are considered important in solving the existing problems and to reform health sector.

This article deals with the analysis of social rights and economic approaches in order to achieve healthcare services and education in developing countries. It has also studied the infrastructures and the utilization of social rights to speed the developing trends; designing the overall view of economic achievements concerning the improvement in the systems of healthcare and education; having a special glance on the differences and similarities and also evaluating the critical issues of social rights economically. Furthermore, it reveals that the political consequences of those approaches are sometimes overlapping. The discrepancies mentioned here are mostly so interactive that they cannot be considered contradictory and the opponents of each should not accuse the others of adopting biased stance.Some of those discrepancies are the long-term restrictions and the methods of economic interacions.

Freedom and the will of freedom have been a great challenge in the history of societies. The concept of freedom has changed a lot since a long time and at present has gone beyond the issue of political freedom in the social discourses that lies at top of arguments about laws and human rights. Freedom is a precondition for democracy. It is now an agenda for many societies who suffer from delay in political development. Different approaches to the problem of freedom among societies are due to the various interpretations resulting from different cultures. It seems more necessary now to realize freedom through establishing law rooted in human rights.

Terrorism has been defined officially by many nation-states and other international players. Each of these definitions show how different players see and define their enemies. In this paper,the US, UN and EU’s definition of terrorism has comparatively explained and discussed. Meanwhile, we discuss Turkey’s definition of terrorism as a developing state. This paper aims to compare different definitions of terrorism, terrorists and terrorist organizations, demonstrating how we can use these definitions to manage international cooperation against terrorism and violence.

One of the major issues in humanities research in general and in international political economy in particular, is studying an intellectual-practical current in terms of the continuity and discontinuity of propositions and lessons or its problematics. This is also the case in international political economy as an independent discipline in the international relations. Assuming this, the main question that this article tries to answer is how we can explain the securitization of the international scene and the militarization of the U.S. foreign policy after the passage of two decades from the revival of neo-classical economic thoughts, return to the principles of free market, globalization of econmy and in other words globalization of neo-liberalism? In fact, the main question of this article is that how we can explain the secturitization of the globalized world after the coming to power of Neo-cons in the Bush administration from IPE point of view? Two rival hypotheses are put forward in answering this basic question. According to one of these hypotheses, the coming to power of Neo-cons represents a kind of discontinuity in the natural and free trend of the world economy towards integration. The other hypothesis suggested that the consolidation of Neo-cons’ power in the US government is in line with the evolution of soft power (intelligence capability, ideological leadership, and economic strength) and the realization of neo-liberal ideas through relying upon military-security instruments. This article tries to study the nature of recent developments in the field of international political economy in the light of coming to power of Neo-cons while mentioning the main mechanisms of neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism from ploitical economy point of view (relationship between state/ market, politics/ economy).

In this article, views expressed by Simmel are discussed from two different point of views. In the first, Simmel’s opinion about the philosophy of culture as interpreted by Habermas. In the second viewpoint, Simmel’s views on modernity as reflected by Prisby. Simmel as a social theoretician, philosopher and esthetician had a close relations with some progressive movements in his era. His views on moderntiy had paved the way for understanding post-modernity.

In this article, the views of simmel on econmic. problems are discussed. Simmel tries to explain the rational foundations and rational importance of economic life. In fact, Simmel looks to the economic phenomena of value, exchange, production, etc from another viewpoint. Simmel studies the psychological, morl, esthetic, historical and cultural dimensions of money. Also, he elaborates on the nature of philosophy of money. Simmel seeks to examine the social consequences of exchange and monetary economy.

This article addresses the issue of the sociology of space. Specifically, this article emphasizes the esthetic dimensions of city. and links this issue with the study of modernity. In Simmel’s analysis, the emplasis was made upon the circulation and exchange of not only money and goods, bot also social groups.

This article studies the implications of the sociological discussions advanced by Simmel for the different socioagical schools in the Untied States. The author discusses Simmel’s views on modernity and reflects the comments made by Habermas about these views. Also, similarities between Simmel’s perceptions of modern economic and social formations with post- modernity are fully discussed.